Zaid Shakir – Islam In America

			Then we move closer to what we want to talk about tonight, and that is the 20th century. After that,
dying off of Islam, two generations, it was gone generally. And that's documented in the history of
the family of silence and be laddie of the sapelo islands off the coast of Georgia, how, three
generations after he was a practicing Muslim, his ancestors only remember vaguely some practices,
such as their grandparents facing the east, and praying, and some general things and the rice cakes,
and the custom of making the rice cakes remaining, but not really knowing the context, the religious
and cultural context that led to the rice cakes, or the details associated with the prayer. So it
		

			had died off after three generations. And that was one of the few instances where the ancestor is
even recall Islamic practices by their Muslim grandparents or great grandparents. So Islam died off
for practical purposes amongst African Americans. Now, we discussed as the latter part of the 19th
century, we discussed the work of Edward blyden, Presbyterian missionary to West Africa, who,
according to many accounts converted to Islam, according to all accounts and great admiration for
them. And he situated that in the pan Africanist struggle, he saw Islam as potentially unifying the
African people in the African diaspora, that Islam could be a unifying force. He also saw in the
		

			separatists model that was generally adhered to by West African Muslims, he saw a model for survival
of Africans in European dominated societies in the West. So he was looking at Islam in a very
utilitarian sense, in terms of how Islam could be used towards a greater end. And that greater in
being the goals of Pan africanism unifying the African people prefer preserving an African cultural
identity in the diaspora, but by so doing, he paved the way for Islam being considered as a credible
alternative to Christianity during a time the ladder 19th century. So we have to see what's going on
is the height of the white terrorism, white American terrorism in the American, the South, so the
		

			height of the Ku Klux Klan, the white Legion and other white races, racist groups, who, as we
discussed, why did this terrorism, this wave of terrorism occur during Reconstruction, the period
where the northern armies were occupying the south and reconstructing the South after the
devastation of the Civil War, for political rights were extended to African Americans. Now in some
states, such as South Carolina, African Americans were numerical majority. So African Americans were
gaining disproved, what was viewed, it was proportionate, but it was viewed by the whites as
disproportionate political power. You had African American senators during Reconstruction, Congress,
		

			people, local officials, mayors, so the * structure didn't like that. So that's how the
Klu Klux Klan was born. So to do away with that political power, after the northern armies withdrew,
a Reign of Terror ensued, where literally people were murdered, lynched, to discourage African
American voting and political participation. On the one hand, on the other hand, you had
disenfranchisement laws. And we mentioned many of these are still on the books. So you have felony
laws where minor offenses will be
		

			labeled as felonies, and then a convicted felon was disenfranchised for life. And naturally, the
overwhelming majority of disenfranchised felons were African American males. These post
reconstruction disenfranchise chessmen, law laws, many of them are still on the books in most
southern states, so that in the last two elections 1/3 of the adults
		

			Male African American population in Florida and Alabama have been disenfranchised for life because
they're convicted felons. So that started then. So in this climate, many educated African Americans
began to view Christianity as a racist religion. Because what did the Ku Klux Klan March under? The
under the cross? So African Americans intelligent, educated African Americans began to view
Christianity as a racist religion and begin looking for an alternative. So is that this time that
Blyton's work provided an insight into thinking productively about Islam as a credible alternative
to Christianity. So this really opened the door for the reintroduction of Islam into the African
		

			American community. Now, blyden, as we said, no matter what his religion, ultimate affiliation was,
there are those who say he died as a Muslim. There are those who say he maintained Christianity to
the end of his life despite despite a favorable view of Islam, but no one disputes he was a pan
Africanist. And in that regard, his legacy was inherited, as we move into the 20th century, by
Marcus Garvey, who started the universal * Improvement Association, or the UN I A.
		

			So Marcus Garvey, who was a Jamaican, she was born in the Caribbean and Jamaica, in 1887. He spent
time in London in several European countries. Now what's significant about the time he spent in
London, one of his chief mentors was an individual, somewhat mysterious individual, by the name of
do say Mohammed, do say Mohammed was an actor. He was a political activist. He was knowledgeable
about Islam is sad. He was Egyptian that he was the son of a meme Luke, soldier in the his
grandfather was a meme Luke soldier who was killed fighting the French in Egypt. So it said he was
Egyptian said he was Sudanese. Some people claim that he was an African American convert to Islam.
		

			In any case, he was a mentor of Marcus Garvey in London, and he conveyed a lot of ideas to Marcus
Garvey, about Islam. Now, Garvey never formally accepted Islam. But the UN I was very favorable in
its view of Islam. So this is one contribution of Marcus Garvey to the reintroduction of Islam in
the African American community that again, building on the work of blyden. It became in some
circles, very, extremely accepted to discuss Islam, many of the people in Garvey's movement, war
Muslims, African American converts to Islam. Garvey spoke favorably of Islam. But perhaps his
greatest legacy, in terms of his influence on the Nation of Islam, was his idea of a black religion,
		

			that black people needed their own religion. And in Garvey's view that real theology was
predominantly an Africanized version of Christianity. So Garvey, for example, advocated all African
Americans, getting rid of their pictures of a blond haired, blue eyed Scandinavian Jesus, and
getting if they must, a black Jesus. So then you have the Black Madonna, the black Jesus, and these
things introduced into African American religion. So this would have an influence on the Nation of
Islam in ways we'll discuss. Also, Garvey's theology was a theology of liberation and self
improvement consistent with his movement. So again, this is a theme as we'll discuss in inshallah
		

			dalla, philosopher wills that characterized African American Islam regardless of this strain, if you
will. And the many strains will try to examine insha Allah tala. So the idea of worshipping a black
God so the nation of
		

			Islam will eventually come to claim one
		

			that the black man is
		

			God, and the white man is the devil. So the idea of worshipping a black God, this was something that
Marcus Garvey introduced. In addition to that, another influence that Marcus Garvey would have on
the Nation of Islam was the emphasis on institutionalization is one thing to advance ideas. It's
another thing to build institutions that reflect those ideas, and allow for the articulation of
power in the world. individuals don't articulate power in the world, institutions do. And
individuals are only powerful within the context of institutions.
		

			As a fact,
		

			you take any person you think is powerful, in the West, divorce them from the institutional context
of the United States government, of the United States military, of NATO, or whatever, and see what
you have. On the other hand, you might have an idiot who can barely spell potato,
		

			for example, on the other hand, take a Muslim with a PhD.
		

			No drinking problem, no drug problem. No need for Prozac or Ritalin, very stable, emotionally,
intellectually astute, personally strong discipline, five pairs a day without fail, fasting Monday,
Thursday and Ramadan.
		

			But take that strong Muslim, with no institutional context. What do you have?
		

			You have a strong person that's unable to project any power or meaningful influence in the world.
		

			That's what you have. So Marcus Garvey realize that. So he realized if the African American and the
African people in general because a pan African is based in Harlem, based in the United States, if
the African people in general African Americans in particular are going to be dignify people are
contributing on the world stage, then institutions will have to be built