Yasir Qadhi – History And Facts Of JaFar As Sadiq
AI: Summary ©
AI: Transcript ©
So today I was, reading for a project
I'm doing about history, and, I was doing
about the Abbasids, and a figure came up
and I thought, subhanAllah,
we should have a quick short khatira about
a figure of importance in our history,
and someone who really represents
a very interesting window into early Islam, and
that is the figure of one of the
great great grandsons of our Prophet salallahu alaihi
wa sallam, Ja'far al Sadiq. So today, inshaAllah,
we're gonna summarize one of the important lessons.
Ja'far as Sadiq is one of the most
important scholars
of our religion.
And
one of the issues that comes up is
that how we understand him is a sectarian
issue. Obviously, we are coming from a Sunni
paradigm. I'll just briefly reference how the Twelvers
also look at him, but we just because
people have a different view, doesn't mean we
should not preach our view as well. And
we have to have a very fair assessment
of this great icon, this great hero, this
academic and intellectual
icon of early Islam.
Imam Ja'far as Sadiq, he is the son
of Muhammad Al Baqir.
And Muhammad Al Baqir is the son of
Ali zin al Abideen, who is the son
of Hussain, who is the son of Ali
radhiallahu an, who is the son of the
Abu Talib. All of them are of course
considered to be from the Banu Hashim, from
the Hashimites, from the Alalbayt.
And so Ja'far's
grandfather,
Ja'far's grandfather is the son of Hussein radiAllahu
an. And when the incident of Karbala happened,
all of Hussain's children were killed except
his grandfather. Right? And so, Ali Zainul Abideen
was the one person who survived Karbala.
He had a number of sons. Muhammad Al
Baqir is the eldest, and the he's called
Al Baqir from Baqarah,
because it's as if he he combined all
of ilms. So that's Muhammad al Bakr. Muhammad
al Bakr's
eldest son is Ja'far. And Ja'far is called
Ja'far as Sadiq, or Abu Abdullah Ja'far as
Sadiq, because he was known for his piety
and he never told any lie. So he's
called Jafar as Sadiq. And he was born
in Madinah, lived in Madinah, and died in
Madinah. He is Madani through and through. He
is the last of the al al bayt
to be Madani as I'll explain why. He
is the last one buried there as I'll
explain why. So he represents a historic shift
from Madinah for the Alal Bayt to Iraq,
and I'll explain why towards the end of
our lecture. So he was born 80 hijrah.
And did he see any of the Sahaba?
This is a bit of a controversy or
contested issue. Maybe he saw Anas ibn Malik.
Because Anas ibn Malik, when did he die?
Who can tell me? Who knows? When did
Anas ibn Malik die?
95, 96 is very good, right? So Ja'far
as Sadiq is born 80 hijra, but Anas
did not live in Madinah.
Anas lived in Iraq. So maybe he visited
or maybe the other way around. So maybe,
we're not sure. But for sure he saw
the sons of the Sahaba, and he saw
the Tabi'un.
And his father is narrating from the Sahaba.
And so he has 1 or 2 people
between him and the sahaba of the Prophet
sallallahu alaihi wasallam. Now, very interesting,
Ja'far al Sadiq is, of course, directly from
the progeny of Ali radhiallahu an. And in
fact, there's intermarriages, so he's from Ali radhiallahu
an, from 2 different ancestors. Not just directly
from his father, but one of his mother's
mothers is also from Ali radiallahu an. So
he is a double
birth from Ali radiallahu an.
And very interesting,
he has a double
lineage back to Abu Bakr as Siddiq as
well.
One of the only people in all of
early history, he is related directly,
biologically to Ali radhiallahu an and to Abu
Bakr as saliq radiallahu an. How so? So
his mother, I e Ja'far's mother is Fatima,
the granddaughter
of Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as Siddiq. Okay?
So Muhammad is the youngest son of Abu
Bakr. Actually,
Muhammad was born after Abu Bakr died. Abu
Bakr never held Muhammad in his hands because,
his mother, Muhammad's mother was pregnant, Abu Bakr
passed away. Right? So Muhammad is the youngest
of Abu Bakr as Siddiq's,
children,
and his granddaughter
is the one who married Muhammad Al Bakr.
So Muhammad Al Baqir married the granddaughter of
Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, and so they had
Who do they have? Are you guys confused
already, or Who do they have?
Very good. Ja'far as Sadiq. Okay. So this
is now directly Abu Bakr as Siddiq. One
more lineage to confuse you just a little
bit, and that is
Ja'far as Sadiq's
maternal
sorry, paternal grandmother. Even now I'm getting confused.
Ja'far as Sadiq's paternal grandmother
is another granddaughter of Abu Bakr through his
eldest son, Abdurrahman ibn Abi Bakr. So Abdurrahman's
granddaughter
is Ja'far as Sadiq's grandmother.
And Muhammad's
granddaughter,
and Abdurrahman and Muhammad, the difference between them
is
30 years?
40, 30, 30, 30, 25 years. I mean,
there's a little big gap. Between Abdul Rahman
who's the eldest son by the way, Abdul
Rahman is the full brother of
Aisha. Very good. Abdul Rahman is the full
brother of Aisha. Right? So Abdul Rahman and
Aisha, they're the only 2 full siblings, Abu
Bakr as Sadir. So
Abu Bakr's granddaughter
is Ja'far as Sadiq's grandmother,
and
Muhammad's
granddaughter
is Ja'far as Sadiq's
mother.
So he used to say,
Ali radhiallahu an gave birth to me twice,
and Abu Bakr gave birth to me twice.
Because in his ancestry,
obviously, Ali is the sun sun sunset. That's
direct. Right? And also through one of his
grandmothers is also
granddaughter of Ali. And Abu Bakr also, 2
of his granddaughters
are from his immediate ancestry. So he's one
of those unique people. And this shows us
as well, and you know I don't like
to get sectarian, but we have to teach
facts here. Our understanding of early Islam,
there wasn't this level of animosity
between the Al al Bayt and between the
senior sahaba. This is our understanding. Right?
And these these types of things, they prove
this. That you have intermarriages going on, You
have, you know, the descendants of Ali radiAllahu
an marrying the descendants of Umar and the
descendants of Ubakr. And this is historic fact,
right, that we we we have that version
of history. So he was born in the
80th year of the hijra, and one of
the most interesting things about him,
in that time frame, there was a lot
of political turmoil,
a lot of civil war going on. Ja'far
as Sadiq witnessed the end of the Umayyad
dynasty
and the rise of the Abbasid dynasty. He
is alive. He is a full grown adult
at this time frame, and he manages to
maneuver through a very very difficult civil war
unscathed.
He himself was never jailed. He himself was
never in political turmoil. He lived a very
wise astute life in this regard. And in
fact, one of the policies he adopted, I'm
not gonna get involved in SIASA.
He did not get involved in politics.
Unlike
some of his relatives,
his own uncle, Muhammad al Bakr's younger brother,
his own Chacha, his own uncle, paternal uncle,
his own uncle
led one of the largest revolts against the
Umayyad dynasty in his lifetime. Ja'far was a
young child, I mean child. Ja'far was
in his thirties. So he's not young, he's
a young man. Ja'far was in his thirties,
and his uncle leads a revolt.
It was the most powerful revolt before the
revolt of the Umayyads,
revolt of the Abbasids.
The most powerful,
and it was very close to being successful.
But Ja'far as Sadiq refused to join. He
goes, I don't want to join this. And
his uncle,
what's his uncle's name? Who knows?
Zayd.
Zayd ibn
Ali. So Muhammad al Baqir bin Ali, Zayd
bin Ali, Zain Abideen.
You know the Zaidi sect
in Yemen,
the Zaidi Shia, they go back to the
Zaid. The Zaidis of Yemen, they go back
to the Zaid. So his uncle Zayd left
Madinah
with 15,000
people in his army. That's a massive army.
And he traveled to Kufa
just like his grandfather had traveled to Kufa
and Karbari, just like Hussain had done that.
And he traveled to Kufa. And this time
he was successful in launching a war. By
the way, the Umayyads
people did not like them. There were so
many revolts against them. You know politicians always,
this is the reality. And the Umayyads had
their long list of false. You had the
revolts of the Mawali, the non Arabs. You
had the revolts of the zunuj. You had
the revolts of the Ibadis. You had the
revolts of the al al bayt as well.
And the al al bayts were the most
powerful. They had a lot of support. And
his uncle called Ja'far, come join. Ja'far said,
I'm not going to, it's fine.
You do what you want to do, I'm
not gonna join. Ja'far did not join. And
his uncle,
you know, his own people, many of them
abandoned his uncle, just like the same thing
happened to the grandfather. And, the Umayyads managed
to kill, and they really brutally massacred the
army, and they they really did a lot
of evil things to the body. I mean,
you know, they took it out of the
ground. It is what it is. Is. That's
the way the way of the world. Always
politics is like this. Right? So Ja'far managed
to save himself from that. 5 years later,
the Abbasids start rising up, And the Abbasids
now
under,
as Safa,
who is the founder of the Abbasid dynasty,
As Safa'ih sends a messenger to Ja'far as
Sadiq, come join our revolt, and we have
the largest army, and this and that. And
there was a agreement, if you join,
I will make you our figure leader head,
because you are al al bayt.
You are sulalatan Nabi. You are of the
descendants of the Prophet salallahu alayhi wa sallam,
and the people love you. They wanted to
use him as a token and a pawn.
Why? Because he had the most mass support
of the Muslims at the time. How could
he not? He's a descendant of the prophet,
and he is a scholar and he's an
'alim and he's living in Madinah. He's teaching
in the prophet as salam's masjid. And so,
as Safa says to him, come join secret
agreement. You know, come, and we will put
you the figurehead, and we will overthrow the
Umayyads.
And he once again refused.
And as Safa was successful,
and a massive civil war takes place, and
he massacres the Umayyad. When I say massacres,
I mean he massacred
every single
100 or 1000 of princes and princesses
around the Muslim empire. That's why he's called
the butcher. The founder of the Abbasid al
Diniz is called the butcher al Safa, or
not the butcher, you can say, but the
the bloodthirsty, like the one who's spilling blood.
You can call him butcher in English. Right?
His title was the bloodthirsty
because he just killed every opponent of his.
And as Safa promised the alulbayt
that you join forces,
and you shall be the kings, you shall
be the khulafa.
But politics is politics.
As soon as he got to Kursi, what
did he do?
Turned his back
and started killing his own people. This is
the way of politics. Right? And the people
that joined
turned out
even his main generals,
some of them were threats to him and
he killed them. And the only one Umayyad
prince managed to flee for his life. Only
one. I told talked about his story few
years ago. What's his name?
Abdurrahman ad Dahil who fled to
Andalus.
And Andalus, they started the Umayyad dynasty over
there. One prince managed to flee for his
life
and run to Andalus. So, Ja'far as Sadiq,
in his wisdom, managed to save his life.
Because had he joined,
al Saffah would have killed him immediately.
But as Safa, after he became top, but
as Safa, because he didn't join, he remained
neutral. So as Safa didn't have any children.
When as Safa was on his deathbed, he
told his brother, Abuja'afar al Mansur, you're gonna
be the khalifa after me. So Abuja'afar al
Mansur is the real founder
of the Abbasids, because as Safa was the
one who opened the door, who established the
dynasty, he dies. Abu Jafar al Mansur
was a person, 24 years he ruled the
the Ummah, and he established the Abbasid dynasty
in Baghdad.
But as every politician,
he's worried about internal revolts and threats. And
who's his biggest threat? The very people that
they promised if you join, you will be
given. And they betrayed them, and that is
the alilbayt.
So his biggest threat is who?
Ja'far as sadiq.
Ja'far as sadiq. And so, he is very
worried, and there's a lot of, you know,
notion here.
The people, the people,
they wanted Ja'far as Sadiq to revolt,
but Ja'far as Sadiq refused.
They wanted him, just like his uncle, go
and do this, go. He refused to do
that. And at one point in time,
Abu Jafar al Mansur, don't get confused. They're
Jafar al Sadiq and Abu Jafar al Mansur,
both Jafar. Abu Jafar is the khalifa, Jafar
is the guy we're talking about. At one
point, Abu Jafar
swore to Allah that all of this talk
of Ja'far, as sadiq, I'm gonna execute him,
get rid of all of this fitna. So
he sent the emissaries, go bring him from
Madinah. Go bring him to me. So Ja'far
as Sadiq traveled
from Madinah to Baghdad.
And Abu Jafarhal made an oath to Allah,
I shall execute this person, because of the
threat, because the power, because of the popularity.
And the guards mention that they prepare for
the execution.
And Ja'far as Sadiq, the morning of the
interviewer, the morning of the meeting, he wore
his kafan inside of his thawb, that this
is khalas, I'm gonna be gone, I'm gonna
be gone. He wore his shroud, because
when you execute in that way, they don't
give you a dignified burial. So they just
do so. He wore his shroud, and he
made special dua to Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala.
The guards say, we saw him move his
tongue and raise his lips before entering the
palace. And when he entered the palace, lo
and behold,
Abuja'afar al Mansur did a 180.
And rather than show anger,
rather than threaten him, he stood up to
greet him. He hugged him, kissed him, and
he brought him onto the so
the khulafa of the Abbasids, they had a
big couch they would sit on. So he
brought him on his own couch,
and he said to him, my dear cousin,
because they are cousins, because Abu Jafar al
Masur is the descendant of ibn Abbas, and,
Jafar al Sadiq is the descendant of Ali
radiAllahu an, and they're cousins. So they're cousins
literally the same. They're both,
Hashima'irk. They're both, descendants of Abdul Mutaleb. So,
cousin, anything I can do for you, anything
you want. And Ja'far as Sadiq said that
the people of Madinah are complaining that you're
not giving them their dues and whatnot, so
please give them their dues. I'm coming from
adina. He didn't ask anything for himself. So
he immediately ordered, go ahead and give them
the supplies. And he gifted him massive gifts
and he,
then honored him on his way out. Somebody
said to the khalifa, didn't you promise,
you swore to Allah, you would execute and
have his head on the ground? You swore
to Allah that his head would not remain
on his neck. How could you do this?
He said, when he entered upon me, I
had this niyyah, but when he entered upon
me,
my heart was filled with an awe.
My heart was filled with a haybah, a
respect, and I could not be rude to
him. I had to show him honor and
respect.
And so he remained in Baghdad for a
while, and in this another interesting story happens.
So he still wanted to demonstrate that Ja'far
as Sadiq is not what people claim him
to be. So
he sent a messenger to Abu Hanifa, because
Abu Hanifa is in Baghdad, and Abu Hanifa
is
the shaykh of Baghdad. He is the mufakih
of Baghdad. He is the greatest scholar of
Baghdad. And he says to him, I want
you to entrap
Ja'far as Sadiq, and show the people that
he's not as scholarly as the people claim.
Put him down in rank.
Show him that he's not as great as
the people say.
And by the way, Abu Jafar al Mansur
did not like Abu Hanifa. Eventually, he jails
Abu Hanifa. Abu Hanifa dies in jail as
well. And Abuja'far al Mansur also whipped Imam
Malik. These are the that's the way it
is, you know. He got angry at Imam
Malik for something. That's the way it is,
you know. So right now he wants to
use him. He goes, You, you're gonna come
to the palace, and you're gonna debate Ja'far
as Sadiq, and you're gonna humiliate Ja'far as
Sadiq. Show the people that he's not that
big of a deal. So Abu Hanifa said,
hayatuh, I prepared the most difficult issues I
could imagine. I mean the khalifa is commanding,
what am I gonna do? I prepared the
most difficult questions. Forty questions I prepared to
show that he doesn't know maybe I can
be show him that he doesn't know what
the reality is, whatnot.
And he says, when I entered in upon
the khalifa,
and Ja'far as Sadiq was sitting there, Abu
Hanifa says the same thing. When I saw
the khalifa on the entourage and sitting on
the chair, and next to him was Ja'far,
he said, my heart fell in awe, not
of the khalifa but of Ja'far. In other
words, the mekh, just the aura,
just the the fact that this is the
great great grandson of the Prophet sallallahu alaihi
wa sallam and his
whole dignity and charisma. And they say that
he looked like, you know, the prophet. He's
every you can imagine. This is the exact,
you know, great great grandson of the Prophet
alaihis salam. He said, I felt an awe
and an embarrassment.
How can I do anything to this? But
I had to because the khalifa is threatening
me as well. I had to. And so
the khalifa says to Ja'far, do you know
who this man is? And Ja'far says, this
must be Abu Hanifa.
He recognized the khqali Must be Abu Hanifa.
Abu Hanifa was known to Ja'far as Sadiq
and vice versa. This is the time that
they met in the palace of the khalifa.
And Abu Jafar said, so do you have
anything to discuss? Prompting him, like wanting him
to know. And so Abu Hanifa said, I
reluctantly brought up every masala, one after the
other.
And every time I asked him any of
these issues,
Ja'far as Sadiq said,
Well, you guys in Kufa, your opinion is
such and such, and this is why you
hold it. And as for Medina, Imam Malik
holds such and such, and this is why
he hold held holds that opinion. And then
sometimes he would agree with me,
sometimes he would agree with Imam Malik, and
sometimes he would have a third opinion.
And every single issue I asked, he had
already
known the answer. He knows the evidences of
all the opinions and he already has his
opinion as well. So he said, I could
not catch him on any of these 40.
Turns out he was more knowledgeable than me.
This Abu Hanifa's testimony.
When Abu Hanifa was asked, who is the
most knowledgeable that you've seen? Later on he
said, Ja'far as Sadiq is the most knowledgeable
I have seen. And Imam Malik as well,
study with Ja'far as Sadiq, because Ja'far as
Sadiq is senior to them age wise. Right?
So Imam Malik
has narrated hadith from Jafar in Madinah, and
Abu Hanifa has also interacted and praised Ja'far
as Sadiq, and this shows us the level
of Ja'far as Sadiq. And also, Ja'far as
Sadiq, out of the the the those early
scholars of the al al bayt, Ja'far as
Sadiq
lived at a time
and formulated
a school of law that
the followers of the 12 verse, they called
Ja'far I fiqh, as you know, after Ja'far
as Sadiq. He's one of the founders of
law. And we have to be fair here,
the fiqh of Ja'far as Sadiq is very
similar to the Sunni fiqh. Only 1 or
2 issues are radically different. Otherwise, what you
call Ja'far I fiqh. Right? It is by
and large very similar to the tahara
and the dabiha and the nikah and the
talah. Just 1 or 2 issues, we have
to say there's a different opinion. But overall,
the views of Ja'far radhiallahu an are within,
mainstream,
in terms of fiqh issues. As I said,
maybe 2 or 3 issues will be considered
unique to that madhab as the people who
are, you know, specialists understand this point. So
Ja'far as Sadiq
was then returned to Madinah, and he did
not participate in any of the civil wars.
Multiple alilbayt once again tried to overthrow even
the Abbasids, and Ja'far as Sadiq refused to
participate, and he passed away in the year
1, 48 hijra in Madinah, and he was
buried in Baqir al Kharkad. He's the last
of the Alulbayt buried there. Why? Because
the next khalifa that comes,
he is not as nice and polite as
Abu Jafar al Mansur.
And
Jafar as Sadiq's sons
were forced to come from Madinah
to Kufa.
The Al al Bayt was transplanted,
and they were the the eldest son was
Musa Al Qadim. By the way, just a
little bit of history here, you should know
this. So, Ja'far as Sadiq had 12 sons,
well, 12 sons and daughters.
The eldest of them, the eldest son, Jaafar
as Sadiq. The eldest son, his name was
Ismail.
And Ismail
lived to the age of 35 or so.
He married, he had children. And Ismail died
and Ja'far is still alive.
So then the next son is Musa Al
Qadim.
Okay. So Ismail and Musa are brothers.
When Ja'far dies,
the followers
of the Alalbayt,
the shia'tu'ali,
they differed.
A small group said, the eldest son is
Ismail.
So we're gonna continue
through Ismail.
And that eventually became Ismaili Islam.
This is Ismail, the son of Ja'far, right?
And the Ismailis,
every Indian Pakistani knows the Aga Khani and
the Buhura and the Arabs know the Duraos
and these are the 3,
Ismaili
sects that exist in our time. So they
go back to Ismail the son of Ja'far,
small segment of the ummah. The bulk of
their followers,
they followed Musa Al Khaldim.
Musa Al Khaldim lived after his father for
another 20 years. So Musa Al Kaldim
becomes the next, if you like, imam. Now
you have to understand what is an imam
for this time frame? For us as Sunnis,
and I'm being not being at all polemical,
I'm being factual here.
We have to understand
these great
scholars
were viewed as imams by their own followers,
and there's nothing wrong with this.
What did they mean by imam?
They
meant religious leader
and a worthy
political rival to
the corrupt khulafa.
There was no notion, this is our understanding,
of
supernatural powers. There was no notion of ilmal
ghayb. There was no notion of Allah has
chosen you on your masoom. This is our
interpretation.
So we have to acknowledge there was political
rivalry,
And lots of mainstream Sunnis, because we would
view them as Sunnis,
respected the Alulbayt
as being more worthy than
the Umayyads or the Abbasids.
And so at this time frame,
the clear distinction between what we call Sunni
and shia didn't quite exist. You had a
whole spectrum. You had many people who we
would consider Sunni, but they say that and
who. I mean, honestly, put yourself in their
shoes. Who do you think should be the
khalifa? Hussain or Yazid
back then? I mean go back to that
time frame. Whose heart would you be inclined
towards? Right? But khalifa here means you're worthy.
Now later on, the later groups are gonna
come and say Allah has chosen you, and
Allah has made you ma'asum, and Allah has
given you powers, and we say no. That's
where we draw the line. It's one thing
to say, I think this is a better
candidate. And that we find, Imam Malik, Abu
Hanifa even, there was sympathy to the Alilbayt,
believe it or not. That doesn't make
them shia technically. You understand what I'm saying
here? It doesn't make them theologically shia. Right?
I'm being factual. I'm not being polemical here.
We have to explain this to the usr
that they understand. Later on, segments came, and
these segments said, Allah has chosen these people,
and we have to consider them to be
Imams. Not they might be better candidates, but
rather they are the hidden Imams, and they
are chosen by Allah. And they have this,
and they have that. And we say, we
don't believe this. This is where we draw
the line. And in fact, yeah, Imam al
Zahabi mentions, these notions existed in Iraq. 1
of the Iraqis came to Madinah, and asked
Ja'far as Sadiq,
what is your position about Abu Bakr as
Sadiq?
Do you consider that he usurped authority from
your ancestor Ali? He goes, Abu Bakr is
my grandfather in two ways.
Have you ever seen any man who curses
his own grandfather?
Anybody who dissociates from Abu Bakr, tell him
to dissociate from me.
We have this in our books. The Ja'far
as Sadiq says, how can I dissociate from
my own grandfather?
I expect Allah Shafa'a through Abu Bakr just
as much as I expect Allah Shafa'a through
Ali. This is what Ja'far as Sadiq says.
I expect Allah Shafa'aabit that I'm Abu Bakr's
son just as much as I expect that
I'm Ali radiAllahu. This is something I'm honored
with. So from our perspective,
Ja'far as Sadiq
loves all of the sahabah. How could he
not when Abu Bakr is his double grandfather,
Umar is his,
Ali is his double grandfather, and he doesn't
have this notion of divine appointment. But maybe
he
thought, these people aren't good politicians, and if
I were in charge, I'd do a better
job. Okay. What's wrong with that? And honestly,
he would have done a better job. Who's
gonna deny that? In terms of taqwa and
iqlas, he would have done a better job.
So this was their version of shiism,
not later on that developed into theological
shiism.
And, just wanna,
conclude over here that,
obviously,
the the 12 are shia, they consider Ja'far
as Sadiq to, have been divinely appointed by
Allah, and that his fiqh is of course,
the binding fiqh on them. And so they
call it the Ja'fari school or madhab. For
us, the Ja'far fiqh is one of the
many opinions out there. We respect him, but
we don't consider that he was divinely appointed.
But we do say, we love Ja'far as
Sadiq with a special love.
We love him because he's a scholar.
We love him because he is from the
Al al Bayt, and we love him because
he demonstrated
maturity and wisdom at a time of great
fitna. So we have an extra love for
him, but we draw the line that there's
no special powers, there's no divinity, there's no
ilmal ghayb and he was a great human
being and we say, may Allah Subhanahu wa
ta'ala radiAllahu anhu ajma'in. And with the other
group we say, you have a different version
of events and you know, that's their version.
This is where we have to agree to
disagree, wallahu ta'alaalam. So I hope insha Allahu
ta'ala this
opens up the window of early Islam and
allows us to see that those time frames
were not as, you know, black and white
as later people,
try to portray, and it was actually much
more fluid and organic between all of these
sects and groups. And inshallah in a future
lecture, I'll come back and deliver more on
this early Islam. Until then,