Adnan Rashid – History of Islamic Spain

			Bargmann zeod in 711 C in the year 92 Hijiri landed at Gibraltar, also known as jablow, javelin
Parekh and then, within four years, most of the peninsula was taken by a coalition of barbers from
North Africa, in particular Morocco, and Arabs 7000 barbers 5000 Arabs, led by Tarik Lindsey on the
took the entire peninsula within four years, and then followed chaos for some years, leading up to
the leadership of Abdur Amanda first and Nomi Prins. One of the grandsons of a shaman Abdul Malik,
one of the most powerful immediate calyx ruled from 105 225 Hijiri 20 Is he ruled from Damascus, or
Drumond, the first also known as Andromeda Hill, and also known as sacral Quraysh. In other words,
		

			the hawk the Falcon of Quraysh. He escaped
		

			Damascus because the Ambassade revolution was wiping out do you may use the OMA yields were being
exterminated. Armando first, abduct Mara darken was a young man in his early 20s. Escaping from this
onslaught, he made his way to Al Andalus. Long story short, and they chose him as the immune to
stabilize the country because the country was going through chaos because there was chaos at the
center. In Damascus and beyond. There was chaos in one of the provinces called along those of the
commander first arrived in London us and he stabilizes the country and he established his own
emirate and he ruled from Cordova, the city of Cordova and he establishes a masjid which stands to
		

			this day, and now it is a cathedral.
		

			Why? Because when the Christian Christians took it later on, they built a cathedral right in the
middle of the Masjid. The Masjid pretty much stands in tact. You can go and look at the masjid. The
pillars are there. The arches are there, the Mahal is there. So you can see the structure of the
masjid still standing to this day built in the eighth century by a man the first and then followed a
period of relative stability. Oma yet Amir's ruled Spain from Cordova for about 300 years. And in
1031 Duma, yet caliphate fell and then followed a period of Maruka survive maluca survive literally
means petty kingdoms. So when the center fell, then when the institution of Halawa was abolished in
		

			Spain, first it was an emirate or an Amara, established by the Romanians then in the 10th century,
one of the descendants of Abdullah Amanda first called Abdul Rahman, the third claimed to be the
Khalifa, the kala for the Muslims in a London rose. Because the caliphate in Baghdad had declined,
and there was another rival caliphate in North Africa, called the Fatimid caliphate, the Shia
Ismaili Fatimid caliphate which was threatening the state of London rose, so to rival to counter
that claim of Caliphate, as the Abbasids had declined by this time, in the mid 10 century of the man
the third, he claims to be a careless, I am the carelessness of the Muslims. And he establishes a
		

			very powerful state, he invades North Africa to fight the Smiley's the caliphate of the Smiley's and
it becomes very strong. So a lot of Muslims start to support him because of this claim.
		

			And then this caliphate lasted for another century in 1031, it was abolished, when if no hasm a
great scholar, scholar of Islam was alive, very famous scholar. So, after this Caliphate was
abolished, the Muslim state of London arose, or the Muslim entity or Principality of London was
split into petty kingdoms, many petty kingdoms. And this period is called Maluka, five
		

			kings of petty kingdoms, right? Group principalities. So a small state, for example, would appoint
an immediate, and that Emir would claim to be the king and the king sometimes claimed to be
careless.
		

			So this division among the Muslims political division, because all of them were fighting for the
little petty states, to basically protect their petty interests they were divided, and the Christian
north, the Catholic north by this time, had gained
		

			impetus to take the land back from the Muslims. So they launched a campaign called Reconquista.
		

			In other words the RE conquest. So they started to take land back on the Muslims. And this process
started in the mid 11 century 1066 One of the major strongholds of the Muslims in the north called
the bastareaud was taken and 1085 the city of Toledo, also known as fallait, Allah was taken and
then for a while,
		

			the Morabito or the Al Morabito from North Africa, they intervene and they stopped, they checked the
advance of the Catholics.
		

			Use of the Protoss Fein a famous Morabito leader, he led the armies of North African Muslims from
Morocco into Spain to help the Muslims of Spain because
		

			there was one of the rulers of the city of Seville. His name was Al Motta Ahmed, he had invited al
Morabito to come and stop this Christian advance coming from the north and Morabito and came, they
took the land and they were completely blown away when they saw the lifestyle of the Muslims in
Spain, Muslims of Spain had reached the peak of civilization in a worldly sense in material sense.
in material terms, they had reached the peak of human development, achievement, civilization, and
there was nothing better than that in the world. So these desert Bedouins from North Africa when
they came in to help the Muslims they saw the palaces, the fountains and all the the luxury, the
		

			muscles and they said, No wonder you're losing land. No wonder you're losing land. Because look at
you, how you live. How are you going to fight these wild people coming from the Lord, they are
battle hardened, they are tougher than you are. You're all in your music and dancing and poetry and
books and you know, all of that which is good. Man books, at least a good, not the rest, right? But
this is why you're losing land. But what happens with these people they also become victims, two
generations down the line have the same problem
		

			or Morabito and also become, you know, customed to that culture, then come Alma hidden from North
Africa, again, another dynasty. They also take land in a London loose, they remove the oil Morabito
from power and they take power. Almost. It is then when the greatest disaster takes place. In 1212,
the year 1212 A battle takes place between
		

			Alba hidden and
		

			the Spanish kingdoms are a coalition of Northern Christians Spanish kingdoms, they fight a battle
called the Battle of Los nevados De Tolosa. Okay, last Navas De Tolosa 1212, this battle took place
and almost lost the battle. The king of Seville, also known as Ismailia, loses the battle against a
coalition of Christian kings coming from loss.
		

			And that loss resulted in the loss of three major cities or principalities of Muslims in London, los
Valencia, Seville, and Cordoba. All of these three cities fall to Christians, one after another in
1230s, between 1230 to 1215. Okay, 1230 to 1250. Within these 20 years, Christian kingdoms from the
north, left, take these three major principalities almost
		

			initially, the Muslims who came to live under Christians or under Christian kingdoms, they were
called mortgagors mortgagors. And this term was taken from the Arabic word I'll muda muda basically
meant people allowed to remain, the population of Muslims in Spain in the 11th century was 5 million
people, 5 million people. So imagine now these Christians have come from the north, and they have
taken cities after cities for the Muslims due to the weaknesses, the political divide, and petty
gains and the petty, you know, concerns and ambitions. They are divided, they're broken, the
Christians take advantage and they come and take all this land for us. And this is what they were
		

			waiting for. For centuries, the Catholics from the north, the Pope's ruling from Rome, were always
pushing the Christian kings from the north to take as much land as possible. Their goal was always
to exterminate Islam from Spain
		

			to destroy Islam completely, or expelled Islam or any traces of Islam from Spain. This is what the
papacy had been doing. And it were the Pope's who launched the crusade as a campaign and
		

			Any crusades took place from Northern Europe to the Middle East. And many Crusades are launched
against the Muslims of Spain as well.
		

			So, I'll Modar Jeff or mood Manager, which was the term used for Muslims living under Christian
kings. Initially they were allowed to live with the faith. The Christian kings who came to rule
Muslim territories initially, are very much inspired by the Muslim civilization. Muslim civilization
was one of the greatest achievements of humanity at that time. There were great achievements in
Spain. When it comes to Christians, Muslims and Jews, all three faiths prospered. In Spain, they
lived side by side, they shared knowledge with each other great libraries are produced great
scholars are produced great scientists, philosophers, intellectuals, thinkers, imams theologian, the
		

			theme of a green mobile reign, and the list goes on all sorts of subjects and fields of knowledge
were taught in London last in Spain during the Muslim period, and Jews and Christians benefited
immensely from this knowledge in Spain. So this was the golden age of not only Islam, but the golden
age of the Jews also produced prospered under the domain of Islam for almost seven to 800 years. So
long as the Muslims are ruling the Jews prospered. Every time the Christians took the land from the
north, the Jews started to feel threatened. In fact, they were expelled from many places repeatedly.
So the Jews found refuge with Muslims, Muslims are protecting the Jewish people in Spain for
		

			hundreds of years. And these are the most civilized Jews in the world. There were the most
sophisticated Jews in the world, and they found protection with Muslims. In fact, by having Buddha,
one of the Jewish rabbis writes in 1180s.
		

			Writing from Cordoba, when the city of Cordoba is still in Muslim hands, he writes that our living
conditions, if not the same as Muslim living conditions, but even better in some cases, even better,
our living conditions are in some cases even better. So when the Christians came in, there saw that
the Muslims have established something amazing their libraries, the palaces, their civilization,
their scholarship, the books, okay, the universities and institutions, they kept them as they were.
In fact, they started to translate these books, these works into Latin, and they started to shift
this knowledge to the north. Then slowly this attitude started to change when more and more land was
		

			taken. 1250s onwards, there was only one strong hole left in Spain, Paul Renata, also known as
Grenada, or Grenada. So Grenada lasted for nearly 200 and 50s. As the last stronghold of Islam, in a
London was in Spain, and they kept a good relationship with Northern Christian territories. But
Islam was very strong in Renata. Islam was the way of life. The law of Islam was still applied.
scholars continue to flourish in Karmapa many books from the northern regions. Muslims have authored
written transcribed, they ended up in Vannatta because we're not on the last stronghold. Many
Muslims are actually emigrating to Karnataka from the north because this was Muslim territory. It
		

			was easy for them to live when Muslims so will a very strong place and he was naturally protected.
If you go to the city of Granada today, you will see just surrounded by mountains, it is right next
to famous mountain range in Spain called Sierra Nevada. Sierra Nevada is very close to Granada and
Renata as a city is naturally protected by the mountains, natural fortresses. That's why the
Christian kingdoms from the North could not take it for so long. But then, in the 15th century, cut
the long story short, fast forward. 1492 is the year actually 1482
		

			Because this crusade against the state of Renata continued for 10 years for 10 years, two Christian
States launched a crusade against the last stronghold of Islam in Spain.
		

			And these two states were Aragon
		

			and Castile. Aragon was ruled by a king called Ferdinand or Fernando and Castile was ruled by a
queen called Isabella or Isabel. Both of them joined hands through marriage, and they decided that
they will wipe out the Muslim faces from Amanda rose. Isabella was a die hard Crusader. She was a
very staunch Catholic
		

			And she wanted to remove any trace of Islam from alanda. Lowe's and she saw this as a mission of her
life. Before she died, she wanted to achieve this. A crusade is launched and launched in 1482. Kenny
is the Muslim from Granada
		

			are resisting this onslaught, a massive coalition is attacking them. And they are resisting for 10
long years. There are battles taking place from Castle to Castle. They're taking fortresses,
castles, cities, one after another, and then stopping
		

			and most of them are doing their best to do something about it. And one of the reasons why this is
taking place is the fall of Constantinople. In 1453, Sultan Mohammed Al Fatah has taken the city of
Constantinople from the Christians
		

			and Christian Europe or Christendom was shaken to the core. What we're going to do now the Turks are
at our doorstep. And then shivers went down the spines of these Catholic Monarchs in Spain.
		

			And pope, the pope was also shivering.
		

			So they were in fear that if the Ottomans woke up one day, and realized Hold on a second, we have a
Muslim ally in the Iberian Peninsula, and we can easily land armies because they control a lot of
this coastal area. Hundreds of miles of Spanish coastal area was in the state of Grenada. They had
this fear, so they wanted to wipe out this last stronghold 10 years, they started then,
		

			in 1490,
		

			they started to negotiate with the last ruler of Granada to surrender the city because they couldn't
take it. They had besieged the city of Aranda for one year. And this was the largest army ever
assembled against Muslims, in Spain
		

			for Reconquista for the reconquest of the land from the Muslims. And this story is very disturbing
online. If you go to Spain, which I did, just less than a week ago, I was in Spain. And it was a
very emotional experience while like looking at those palaces, those Islamic sites, all the verses
of the Quran on the walls. Some people say there was a fourth on your site of Islam it would have
been cassava. And it's not an overstatement. It's not an overstatement. You go and look at the
masjid of cassava. In London. You will see why it was the largest Masjid in the world. For some
centuries. It was larger than much of the Haram much of the Navi and muscle AXA. It was the largest
		

			machine in the world. The compounds still stands for for the last 1300 years, it has stood strong.
The pillars are there, the arches are there.
		

			The names of the people who carved the pillars of there,
		

			you will see the names of the people who carved those pillars in the eighth century, Omar, Massaro,
Mobarak these are the names I read myself.
		

			And some of the pillars have written.
		

			The word Lilla is inscribed on the pillar why the person wanted to carve the pillar for the sake of
of I didn't want his name to be mentioned.
		

			And it still stands 1490 Ferdinand and Isabella, they speak or negotiate with the last ruler of
ornata, called Abu Abdullah, also known as Bob Dylan, in Western sources or Spanish sources for
Bogdan it's a corruption of the word Abu Abu Abdullah. He was the last ruler.
		

			So Abdullah Long story short, doesn't stand his ground. Despite the advice by his generals and his
people to fight to death, about the law, lost hope, he knew there is no chance that they can resist
any longer, long story short, he capitulate. He agrees to terms, and he hands over the keys to
Ferdinand and Isabella.
		

			And now there are hundreds of 1000s of Muslims living in ornata in the city of Granada, they're not
aware of what's happening. They don't know. One day they wake up to Christian armies marching
through the streets of Granada and Christians are ringing bells on the tallest buildings and Renata.
They have fighting guns to announce they're coming. And they're singing songs of joy while the
Muslims are watching in silence in fear. They don't know what's going to happen not to them. One of
the reasons why Abu Abdullah capitulated was that he believed the promise of
		

			these monarchs.
		

			The terms they agreed upon, were for the
		

			Example. These are the terms that were agreed before he capitulated before he surrendered the city
of Granada to Aragon and Castile, a coalition of these two kingdoms, or, or a coalition of a husband
and a wife, both of whom happened to be the rulers of these two kingdoms Ferdinand and Isabella, he
put these terms forward and they were readily accepted.
		

			So before the surrender, these are the terms that were
		

			put forward,
		

			that both great and small chip be perfectly secure in their persons, families and properties, that
they should be allowed to continue in their dwellings and residences, whether in the city or the
suburbs, or any other part of the country, that their laws should be preserved as they were before,
and that no one should judge them except by though those same laws that their mosques and the
religious endowments are pertaining to them should remain as they were in the times of Islam, that
no Christian should enter the house of a Muslim or insult him in any way that no Christian or Jew
holding public offices by the appointment of the late photon should be allowed to exercise his
		

			functions or rule over them, that all Muslim captives taken during the siege or Granata. From
whatever part of the country they might have come, but especially the nobles and chiefs mentioned in
the agreement should be liberated, that such Muslim captives as might have escaped from the
Christian masters, and taking refuge in Granada should not be surrendered. But that the Sultan
should be bound to pay the price of such captives to the owners.
		

			That all those who might choose to cross over to Africa should be allowed to take the departure
within a certain time and be conveyed there in the Kings ships, and without any tax being imposed on
them beyond the mere charge for passage.
		

			So these are the terms. Why did I read all these terms to you so that you really realize why the
Muslims surrendered the city and what was agreed upon, and they were expecting good treatment from
these kings and queens. But Ferdinand and Isabella had no intention to keep these terms. They just
wanted the territory. They wanted to occupy the last stronghold of Islam, in Spain,
		

			and thence forth, they will do what they want, or what they wanted.
		

			As soon as the city of Granada was taken, the Muslims were initially tolerated. They were initially
tolerated, because the new rulers didn't want any disturbance. They could see that these are a very
deeply religious people.
		

			And we cannot possibly start changing them straightaway. And what happened when these monarchs took
the city?
		

			Firstly, there were two bishops that came in the Bishop of the city of Granada. Renata was
appointed, and his name was
		

			Hernando De Talavera. Hernando De Talavera, was appointed as the Bishop of the city of Parramatta, a
Christian bishop. And his approach was to reason with Muslims preach the Catholic faith to them and
tried to convince them about Catholicism.
		

			Possibly not realizing, because many Christian clergy at the time were very ignorant of Islam and
Muslims, possibly not realizing that these people they are trying to convert. Some of them are
scholars of Christianity.
		

			They have written books refuting Christianity.
		

			So how are you going to convert someone like that someone who's writing books on Christianity? There
are books upon books in the libraries of Ghana, Renata, hundreds of 1000s of volumes in the Arabic
language, how are you going to convert them? So this is the Attitude Era.
		

			Hernando De Chelly bar. Then what happens is another bigot who takes over from him. Okay, Arch
Bishop of Toledo, the city of Toledo in the North. He has a different idea. He comes and joins
Hernando De Talavera. He comes and joins them. His name is Francisco
		

			Jimenez de ces Ross. Cisneros comes and he starts to arrest Muslim influential and tortures them
starts because of the problem and forces Christianity. And he succeeds by torturing many influential
Muslims. They might they convert to Islam under duress, under torture. And then he reports to the
Pope. That I am I've converted hundreds
		

			possibly 1000s of people by torturing to Christianity. So they are encouraged now. They want to
change the policy, they want to push Muslims. So the policy changes. Muslims are now harassed in the
city of Granada. Muslims are being told to do things they don't want to do. Muslims are being told
to baptize
		

			to live their faith.
		

			This results in a reward in 1499, literally seven years after the city of Ramallah is taken as a
reward. Okay, and this reward
		

			goes on for another two years, until 15, or one when this revolt is crushed, and now, all gloves
taken off, gloves taken off, okay, now, these Christian monarchs, they feel that they don't have to
keep any treaties. They don't have to honor any treaties, any agreements were made with the Muslims.
So this agreement I read, in front of you was thrown into the bed, it was cancelled because of the
revolt. The vote was used as an excuse, even though the reward was caused by Catholic behavior
against the Muslims and ornata. That wasn't considered and these terms were cancelled. And now
		

			a choice was given to Muslims, explosion,
		

			conversion or death, YouTube, you convert to Christianity, Catholicism, you get baptized, or you
leave the country for another country, which wasn't easy at the time of course, or you die, which
one is it?
		

			Many In fact, the majority choose
		

			conversion.
		

			They pretend to become Christians. These are the people who are known as the Moriscos.