Sherman Jackson – Berkley Center – Islam and Liberal Democracy

			Well, I almost want to say thank you very much for inviting me to come before this audience and
undertake a virtually impossible task of summarizing in five minutes, the ultimate solution to the
issue of the modern Muslim world. What I'd like to do, I think, though, however, is tried to at
least sort of contextualize, or frame what I anticipate to be the debate itself.
		

			Such that my comments that may emerge during the question and answer period, may actually take on
the meaning that the meanings that are intended by them, I want to start off by saying the following
I think that when we come to the question of Islam, and liberal democracy,
		

			I think we have to be very careful about distinguishing between Islam on the one hand as religion
and the Arab Middle East, on the other hand, I think there is a tendency, often to conflate the two,
and to imagine that whatever possibilities may seem feasible out of the Arab Middle East, than they
are the equivalent of the possibilities of Islam. Whereas in point of fact, if other traditionally,
Muslim communities were contemplated as the focal point of the discussion, we may come out with a
very different set of possibilities.
		

			Beyond that, I also want to speak in my own capacity as a Western convert to Islam. And I say that
only to say the following. And that is that part of what I see as being the problem of discussing
the whole topic of Islam and democracy, is that there is this presumption that every single aspect
of Islam has always been dictated by Scripture. Whereas in point of fact, scripture has not simply
served as a dictator of institutions, but rather as a filter through which pre existing
institutions, pre existing values, pre existing ideas and ways of doing things are either accepted
or rejected, ie they are assessed, and therefore coming to Islam from a Western background for whom
		

			democratic sensibilities in general, come very naturally. The the the segue into a discussion about
democracy, for me, may be very different for someone who comes from a different background. And I
think we need to be very careful about which background we give priority to in terms of what we
consider to be a normative discussion of the issue of Islam and democracy. So there's a very real
sense in which we need to recognize that articulations of Islam are and have been throughout the
history of Islam, very jaded, and multiple. And the histories of Muslim communities are also very
jaded and multiple. And I think we have to be very careful about which of these articulations and
		

			which of these histories we're using as a template, when we come to the discussion of Islam and
democracy. Now, having said that much I mean, my own personal sense is that there is a growing and
potentially irreversible, sort of tacit consensus emerging in various parts of the Muslim world, or
regard with regard to the overall desirability and the
		

			permissibility. I shouldn't say permissibility, but the the extent the compatibility between the
broad parameters and outlines of Islam and democracy. I think the big question arises when we add
that adjective, liberal democracy, because I think that
		

			there again, there's a tendency to conflate democracy with liberal democracy, democracy itself, I
don't think you'll find it very much met very minimal, some communities today, who are not insistent
upon a greater accountability on the part of those who happen to wield power in society. Liberal
Democracy, however, brings along with it, other kinds of instrumentalities that may, or at least are
perceived to pose certain problems for religious discourse. I mean,
		

			and Muslims aren't the only ones who feel this. I mean, we can talk about people like McIntyre and
any other number of communitarians and others who have certain misgivings about the relationship
between liberalism and certain communitarian modalities of collective being. So I think that we need
to distinguish between democracy on the one hand and liberal democracy on on the other
		

			The third point that I want to make, and there are only four is
		

			that we we need to. And I think that Professor nyeem sort of alluded to this, at least in part,
although I'm not sure we
		

			mean this in the very same way. But
		

			the notion that Islamic law is static and unchanging on the one hand, and on the other hand, that
secular processes of reasoning, of assessing reality, of assessing interest and harms, is some kind
of newfangled aspect that is being superimposed on Islamic discourse from without. That is not the
case. It has always been the case, that while scripture has been the database upon which Muslims
have attempted to contemplate their transcendent meanings, and how they are to be translated into a
lived reality, that very process has always been mediated by secular forms of reason. Indeed, there
is no Koranic reason, per se. And this is very clear in all of the various variations that you get
		

			in Islamic law. It's clear in all the variety you get in Muslim, a theology, secular modalities of
reasoning have always come in competition, one with the other in the context of contemplating the
meaning of Islam on the ground. Related to this, is the fact that there are any number of aspects of
life that have always been a part of the realm of sort of discretionary assessment. And just to make
a very long story short, and try and keep within my time,
		

			while Islamic law, for example, may establish as a value,
		

			the physical health and well being of all individuals, Islamic law, per se, has very little to say
about health care, as a policy issue, that issue would have to be debated out, it would have to be
assessed on the merits, it would have to be calibrated according to certain principles and
parameters of Islamic law. But the Quran does not have any dictate with regard to whether a health
plan health care plan should or should not have a public option, all of those issues would have to
be debated. And this is the way that it's always been, I think, if we, if we look at the state of
Arabian society upon the death of the Prophet Muhammad, and then just a couple of centuries later,
		

			we look at just the table of contents of the standard manuals of Islamic law, we will find all kinds
of added institutions that were not around at the time of the prophet that are added to the edifice
of Islamic law as staple
		

			issues upon which legal contemplations should proceed. And there is no reason why that why that
should have to stop. Take for example, again, Dr. nyeem, talked about the caliphate of Abu Bakr,
Umar and
		

			Uthman and ally, etc. At the time of those 4k lifts, and they are after the Prophet Muhammad, there
was no such institution as the Sultanate. The sultanate didn't come about for another 400 years or
so. And yet the Sultanate emerges as a sort of semi permanent institution in Islam throughout the
pre Modern Period. My point being here is that Islamic law, Islamic religious contemplation has
always been open to evolutionary to evolutionary
		

			development. And finally, I just want to say this, that one of the things that concerns me about
the, the manner in which this whole discussion about the relationship between Islam and democracy
precedes is that, to my mind, at least, it sort of assumes the sort of Francis Fukuyama thesis about
the end of history and there and therefore, there is nothing to contemplate, beyond liberal
democracy. As a modality of political organization for modern for modern communities, I would like
to challenge us to do two things, to be a bit more imaginative, and to imagine that there might be
ways in which we may be actually able to improve on a political organization on the one hand, and
		

			then to imagine what Islam might have to protect or to contribute to that very to that very
possibility. And I think that one of the
		

			steps stones to that potential realisation would be not simply to look at all that liberal democracy
has achieved, but rather take a more honest and objective look at some of the failings of liberal
democracy.
		

			Thank you very much