Ismail Kamdar – Summarized History of the Caliphate
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AI: Transcript ©
Salam alaykum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh Alhamdulillah wa
salatu salam ala Rasulillah Ubud. So welcome back to our course an
introduction to Sharia to Islamic law. And today we begin the
section looking at the second
crucial aspect of Sharia, which is the Beloved. So in the previous
two lessons we looked at the concept of the body, and the role
that the body plays in the Sharia system. Today, we look at the
other side of things, which is the beloved and the role that the
Khalifa plays in, in Sharia land.
And the hereafter is one of the most misunderstood concepts of our
time by Muslim and non Muslim alike.
because there hasn't been a Khalifa 400 years.
Many Muslims today have taken their understanding of what a
Khalifa is from Western Orientalist stereotypes. And in
trying to revive the beloved, instead of trying to revive the
actual system that Muslims had for over 1000 years. They try instead
to revive something that never existed, a fantasy ready.
And this is the case of what happened more than a decade ago,
just over a decade ago in Syria with the so called Islamic State
that their version of the beloved was so violent, and so unsafe and
so unjust.
That it actually pushed many Muslims away from these concepts
of Khilafah and Sharia and made the religion look really, really
bad.
To anyone who studies history. And studies the books are fake,
will immediately recognize that what they have established a
decade ago, was absolutely nothing to do with a philosopher.
He was an abomination,
built upon Orientalist stereotypes, and the extremist
understanding of Islam.
So that what I hope to do over the next two or three videos, is to
explain properly what definitely Lafayette is and we're going to
divide this into various sections, we're going to look at
what did the books of fake and Islamic law say about the role of
the Khalifa and the duties of the Khalifa,
we're going to look at the historic historical model of the
Philippines, the history of the Beloved, we're going to extract
from the how the beloved, evolved and changed over time and how it
functioned in different times in history. And then we're going to
look at a case study of some of the Halifa some different points
in history, to see what they had in common and what was different.
And by doing that, we are able to understand
what is a beloved, what is fixed, what is flexible? What is the
rightly guided model, what are the other models? And what exactly
should we as Omar be striving for when it comes to reviving a
political system
was a bit of a difficult presentation to put together.
There is not much literature on this topic in English language.
And Arabic. A lot of it is historical. I don't think much
work has been done on what they feel avid should look like today.
And
what the 21st century philosopher would be like somebody who needs
to be done. There is one paper that I shared with you from Yaqeen
institute called Who Wants to be referred by Dr. Amer Anjum. It's
very important people.
Added again to this video, where he basically discusses many of
these things, what is the philosophy, the history of the
philosophy, the different models of the philosophy. In fact, a bulk
of what I'm going to be presenting today is taken from his paper or
the aspects are taken from Hanafi fiqh books and from history books.
From that paper, what's amazing is that he wrote this paper for
Yaqeen Institute. And then from this paper came a new institute
called aromatics institute that is dedicated to research on reviving
the philosophy of Sharia. And on that website, the paper has been
translated into many languages, including Turkish, Urdu and
Arabic. So very influential paper that I think probably in English,
the most important thing that has been written on this topic, and it
is one of three main sources that I'm using for this presentation
along with classical Hanafi fiqh books, which do discuss or what is
the role and function of the Khalifa
and history books from which I've been extracting the historical
model of the Khilafah in our case studies
So let's begin what is the law firm and I recently gave a Joomla
football on this topic which is basically a summary of this of
this presentation. So we're gonna go into a lot more details, the
Joomla code by how to summarize this in 20 minutes here we have
two or three hours Inshallah, to take our time and go through this
in details. So the word Khalifa
is taken from the Quran in surah baqarah. From Allah Subhana Allah
dollars description of the human race. Allah subhana wa Taala
announces to the angels in Niger you don't feel early, however, I
am creating a Khalifa on Earth,
the Moon fostering the scholars of FCM they
say that there are two meanings of Hanifa in this verse. The first
meaning the general meaning is that every Muslim represents
Allah's Will on Earth, every Muslim in the attempt to live by
Islam and to preach Islam and to practice Islam and stop others
from sinning. They are
a representation of Allah's will not.
The other meaning of Khalifa that is taken from this verse is that,
that this is the title for the Islamic political system.
That the Islamic political system is called a beloved.
Beloved means a successor.
In this case, the political successor to Rasulullah sallallahu
alayhi wa sallam.
The title was first given to Abu Bakr, Siddiq Raja onehope when he
became the ruler of the Muslim world after Rasulullah sallallahu
alayhi wa sallam passed away, people would refer to him as
Khalifa rasool Allah, the successor of Rasulullah sallallahu
alayhi wa sallam,
and after him there was political successor and political successor.
And they reached a point where there will be multiple at the same
time people claiming to be the political successor of the Prophet
sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, to one historical misconception that
we need to clarify right at the beginning, is that
many people have this misconception that there was one
Khalifa until 100 years ago. This is incorrect. Actually, only for
the first 100 years there was one Khalifa
after that we had the Omiya to the above acids in the vitamins, all
coexisting while claiming to be the Khalifa.
This is not ideal, but it is what it is. It's the history right? And
after that more and more different people tend to be the Khalifa. So
there's a difference between the ideal which really didn't exist
beyond the time of the qualifier, Rashidi in the Writing Guide,
Colaba and the reality, what humans are capable of with our
flaws and weaknesses. That's the way I look at it. The way I look
at it is,
what Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wasallam, and the whole of our
Washington established is beyond the capabilities of the average
human being because we are too weak to live up to that model. And
so for the bulk of our history, we have a much more human beloved,
it's not rightly guided, there's good and is bad, these mistakes,
but the basic functions are still there. And because he's been
missing for the past 100 years, we can see
why it was necessary. And why even if beloved wood floors is still
better than what we have today.
They said second point I want to make about the filler foot
is that there is a fakie dispute over whether the Califa needs to
be from the corporation or not. We just we discussed this in a
previous video that I was sued affendi was the one who
popularized the idea of the Ottomans being a reverse.
But before that this was a matter of dispute.
So when Rasulullah sallallahu, the son passed away,
and the answer
we're going to elect a Khalifa from them from the Oso hostage.
The hadith was narrated to them, that the successor must be from
the Quran or the leader must be from the coalition. And so they
went with Abu Bakr as the Khalifa and after Abu Bakr, Omar and then
smart and then Ali and then hustled and then more Aria, all of
them are from the Kurdish. Right. And really for the first 600 years
of our history, the Khalifa was from the Kurdish because after we
have the Romanians who are Qureshi. Then we have the Abbas.
It's the descendants of the prophets, Uncle Abbas radula. No,
we're also coloration. So for the first 600 years of our history,
the Khalifa is coloration. And even we had three people claiming
to be her
But at the same time, the Fatimids claimed to be the descendants of
his of Hussein,
Hassan Hussein, they claim to be a descendant of Rasulullah
sallallahu sent to one of his grandsons. So they claim to be
coloration, the OMA age in Spain, where coloration, the Abbasids in
Baghdad were courageous. So there were three people claiming to be
the Khalifa at the same time, but they all be from the coalition. So
for the first half of our history, this wasn't really a matter of
dispute. The Khalifa was from the Quraysh.
But then the Mongols invade. The ambassador, beloved is dismantled
and new empires arise. We have not African Muslim leaders. We have
Turkish Muslim leaders. We have Persian Muslim leaders. We have
Mameluke Muslim imam Luke were slaves of Caucasian origin, right?
Mostly Russian.
None of these are Koresh. None of these are courage.
And many of them claim to be the Khalifa.
And this is where it starts to get a bit murky because
now, going back to that hadith, what do we do with it? Do we say
the falafel ended with the Mongol invasion and it was no Khalifa for
the past 700 years, or 500 years because the mom Luke's did claimed
to have a basket with them who was the Khalifa. But they were the
actual ones ruling and he really had zero power. Right there was
the technical way of getting around it.
Or do we say the Khalifa does not have to be from the Quraysh. And
then we go with the general historical model that actually
Lafayette was abolished in 1924, when the Ottoman Empire collapsed,
that was the last Khalifa.
So my opinion, and in my opinion, feel free to disagree with it. My
opinion is this Hadees the leader must be from the Quraysh is
contextual, to the time of Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa
sallam, because the Arabs at that time, we are very tribal society.
And for that tribal society to unite under one leader, the leader
had to be from the Quraysh because the Quraysh were the only tribe
that they all respect to to that level.
So for that first generation, it was necessary,
while tribalism was still part of the outer world, for the leader to
be qurayshi.
As you move further away from the time of Rasulullah, sallAllahu,
alayhi, wasallam. And
tribalism dies out, there is no real Qureshi who have real power
and who are worthy of the Beloved. What do we do? Do we say there's
no Khalifa and SS Qureshi? Or do we say a Khalifa who is not
Qureshi is acceptable, but not optimal? In my view, there's
nothing wrong with the Khalifa being Turkish, or North African,
or Persian or anything else, as long as they fulfill the
requirements of the Philippines.
And that this was a recommendation for that time to keep the Arabs
united in that first generation. Allah knows best that's that's my
understanding of the Hadith and my understanding of the issue. You
will find historically there's been a lot of debate ever since
the Ottomans claim to be the Hollywood's there has been a lot
of debate and right until today, there are people who do not accept
the Ottomans as Colaba, but rather as all dance because they will not
from the Quraysh show this it's important to be aware of that.
So the beloved was a political system that was designed to
facilitate the implementation of Sharia.
The key concept here
is that the Khalifa is a representative of Allah subhanho
wa Taala as well on earth. He is a successor to the message of
Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa salam and the political entity
that Rasulullah sallallahu the same establishing Arabia at that
time. His job is to ensure that Allah's law is the law of the
land. This is the job of the Khalifa, to ensure that Allah's
law is the law of the land.
And this is what the Khalifa did, in good times and bad times, in
times of having a righteous Khalifa in terms of having a not
righteous Khalifa. For the bulk of our history, the state law, the de
facto law, the Lord that
everybody respected and considered to be what needs to be obeyed, was
the Sharia.
So me in 1924, when a falafel was abolished, that all of the Muslim
lands now adapt a amalgamation of British law, French law, secular
law and Sharia law, creating this hodgepodge that we see today.
But under the beloved, the Sharia is the law and any
Being out supplemented. It can never override it. And we'll come
to this in later videos when we talk about things like that local
culture and our noon canon law how this supplemented the Sharia and
not overwrite the Sharia.
It's also stated in the books are fake according to all
formaldehyde. They just laugh it is a form Dicky fire.
It is a communal obligation,
if someone is the Khalifa, and Sharia is the law of the land, and
is a Dar Al Islam, Islamic land, everybody is absolved of this
obligation.
If a philosopher does not exist anywhere in the Muslim world, if
there is no land anywhere in the Muslim world, where Sharia is the
law of the land, and we are collectively sinful, Allah forgive
us. We live in a time where 400 years we have failed in this
obligation, Allah forgive us and allow us to see the restoration of
the Khilafah in our lifetime. But this is very clear, if you open
any book of fake according to any mother, it is a part of the
occupier. And again, if you go to domotics website, they have
translated passages from the books of fake of all four madhhab
proving this to be a part of the via in each and every month. There
is no mother that says this is not important every malherbe
considered a fun day if I.
So
why should we have a Khalifa and what does the Khalifa do?
We mentioned in previous videos that the actual goal in Islam
is the law of Allah subhanho wa Taala
and it is interpreted by the Allah ma verdicts are given by the move
these judgments are made by the bodies. So what is the Khalifa do
if someone is putting into this position of being a hadith for
what exactly does he do? He doesn't make the law that's left
up to the Obama
base on interpreting Quran and Sunnah. So what exactly is
expected from the Khalifa I've extracted a few points from
different books of fake and history, particularly from the
Hanafi books of Vic, of what is the obligations and the
expectations of a Khalifa number one is jihad visa vie Leela. The
number one objective of the Khalifa is to govern the Muslim
army
to ensure that Darul Islam is protected. This is done to two
types of jihad, defensive Jihad which is protecting the borders of
the Muslim land from invasion and expansive jihad, which is
expanding the borders of Davao Islam by conquering nearby
regions. Both of these are on the Khalifa, this the Khalifa job, to
make strategic military decisions on which lands to invade which
lands to make peace with where to place the armies, how to defend
the borders, how to find the army, who should be in the army. All of
these things. It's of the Khalifa, a lot of the work of the Khalifa
comes down to governing the Muslim army. He will hire people to do
this. He will have a shura committee. He'll have military
generals, right it has to Tejas but it's really his responsibility
to ensure that Darul Islam is protected and expanded,
protected, because there will always be enemies of Islam trying
to destroy Islam,
as he did over and over again. Whether it was the reconquest of
Spain, the Mongol invasion of Baghdad, the Crusades, the
invasion of Jerusalem, or the abolishment of the Ottoman
caliphate in World War One, the enemies of Islam have proven over
and over again, if they get a chance to conquer the Muslim lands
and massacre the Muslims, they will do so. And they're able to do
so today in Palestine, because there is no Califa to defend the
borders to make sure the armies go out to ensure that the Muslim
lands are protected.
So the primary objective of the villa for this Jihad V. Sebelius,
he controls the army. He decides where do they go? Who do they
fight who didn't make peace with which borders have more guards and
which ones do not and you always find historically, the Khalifa is
involved in the issue of jihad. Right from the very beginning Abu
Bakr Raja who puts together the army since them to fight the
apostates the false prophets, the Persians and omens Omar Rajan who
sends the armies out to conquer Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Persia,
and on and on throughout our history, you will find that jihad,
it always goes back to the funny
For the Khalifa is the one that gives legitimate legitimacy to a
war. Right? That he will make these political decisions that we
are going to invade this land, or we are going to say the army on
that land, and things like that. And that's why when Jerusalem fell
to the Crusaders, the whole amount of Jerusalem ran away to Baghdad,
and demanded a meeting with the Khalifa, to convince the khalifa
to send an army to make jihad and as the Crusaders fortunately
failed to do so because the Khalifa at that time was weak and
ineffective. But it just shows that their number one solution was
the Khalifa needs to solve this is his duty to ace jihad against the
Crusaders. So this is a primary objective of the Khilafah to a
jihad against the enemies of Islam, I need to stop here and
just do a bit of a side note. Many Muslims today, find the concept of
jihad talab, expensive jihad to be difficult to understand and
swallow. Right? A lot of Muslims have been raised with this false
idea that jihad is only defensive or it's only jihad of the nafs.
And there's no physical fighting in Islam. It's all lies. This is
this is false. This is lying about your religion. Anyone who studies
the books of fake or the history of Islam, it is very clear that
conquests and invading enemy lands and expanding the borders of data.
Islam is something that is built into our Sharia. It is a
legitimate form of jihad and a time the necessary form of jihad.
The idea
is that for people to experience is live under Islam, and to see
the justice of Islam and to see the truth of Islam. They need to
see the Sharia in action. And you cannot do that if you're living
outside the borders of Daraa Islam. So Muslims would conquer
land, the people of that land would remain upon their religion,
they will be ruled by Muslims, they would interact with Muslims,
and over a few centuries, one family at a time they would
voluntarily convert to Islam until that becomes a Muslim region.
Islam was not forced upon people at the point of the sword. The
jihad of expansion was about taking over a land and bringing it
under the justice of the Sharia.
But the people were left to their religions, they paid the jizya and
they were left to their religions. And the fact that most of those
lands today are now majority Muslim, and simply shows that this
was a very effective form of Dawa because people eventually embraced
Islam.
And we have to understand that right and wrong, is decided by
Allah subhanho wa taala, not by modern liberal theories, right? So
if Allah subhanaw taala has built into his law, the idea of an
expanse of warfare to expand the borders of Darul Islam, then that
is what he's writing. And that is what is good. It's not a bad
thing. I know people growing up today think that any kind of
invading and conquering another land is a bad thing. No, it's not.
It's actually good for the people if, if the early generations
didn't conquer the lands that our forefathers were from, we may not
be Muslims today. How Islam raised our forefathers,
I this is how many lands became Islamic lands. So please do not be
apologetic about the fact that Jihad the dollar is part of our
religion. Yes, the the Khalifa has to be the one to make these
decisions, there is no real jihad to talab. Without it, we love it.
And at the same time to deny that he's part of our religion is
changing the religion and I really can't stand that level of
apologetics, we need to be very clear about what Islam teaches.
And the books of fiction history are very clear, that expanse of
jihad is part of our religion.
So
on the borders, the Khalifa has job is protect the borders expand
the borders, right within the borders. The Khalifa job is to
ensure peace and justice, make sure there's no rebellions is no
Muslims fighting with each other or within our Muslim communities.
that justice is being done by the governors and the bodies and
whoever is in charge. The Khalifa is the one who handles this. So
the bodies will be in charge of dealing with the people in terms
of giving religious verdicts and judgments. And the governors will
be ruling specific regions. So obviously, one man can't rule
every region right. So he will appoint people to rule over
specific regions. But if anybody has a complaint about the governor
or according they could go to the Khalifa, right and the Khalifa
will be the one to investigate and find that person replaced him with
somebody better if it's proven to be true.
In this way, it was part of their job to ensure peace and justice
within the borders of Islam, which was the bulk of our history is
what they did, yes, yeah. And there they were a few
tyrants and there were a few people who abused their power.
But for the bulk of our history, the average person living on the
ground lived a fairly peaceful life, and didn't have to worry
about the government overstepping or being unjust to them or
controlling their lives.
It was peace and justice was the de facto norm for the average
Muslim living within Darussalam for the average numbers from
within data, Islam as well.
The third primary objective of the beloved,
is to facilitate the implementation of Sharia and to
uphold the boundaries of Allah the whole Dude, we need to do a whole
separate lesson on what is the whole dude and why do they exist?
And how they are implemented. But just for now,
the Sharia is Allah's law. Right. So in at Lafayette, the law of the
land is Allah's law, this is absolute This is number one. Any
other laws that are implemented must be complementary to this,
they must be underneath this, they must fit within this, they cannot
contradict us. The Sharia is at the top. Anything else is
secondary, right? And so
this is really what a philosopher is about the philosopher is about
having a land where Allah's law is the law of the land instead of
laws made by the government. And so, in a beloved, people live by
the Sharia, right, and they judge the disputes by the Sharia.
And public order is upheld by the Sharia. And the symbol of this is
the hood. The hood, the boundaries of Allah or the Islamic criminal
law system.
is the symbol of that land being a Sharia land.
And nowadays, a lot of people when they think about the philosophy of
Sharia, the only thing about voodoo, right, they think that
it's all about the Hadoop. So what are the Hadoop? Again, we will do
a whole separate video on this, but it will do for example, is the
amputating of the hands of a professional thief, or the stoning
to death of an adult child who has whose adultery was publicly
witnessed or confessed, right, or the last thing of a public a
public drunkard, or someone who accused others of Zina, these are
called the hoodoo. These are the limits of Allah.
That they are very severe and violent punishments mentioned in
the Quran and Hadees for about five or six specific crimes. And
these punishments became categorized as who dude and key
sauce, who dude are the ones with the punishment is fixed. And it's
a very specific punishment and very violent, like chopping up a
hand or stoning to death or 100 lashes. And the source is
equivalent punishment, where it's put into the hands of a person,
that if the family member was killed, they can seek retribution,
or blood money, or if somebody hurt them, they can seek revenge,
or some kind of equality. So these are two types of laws exist in
Islam. And this is something that's considered very
controversial today, we will do a whole separate video on it, but
just for now, to understand that the way the Sharia is designed to
do that almost never applied.
Right, it's built into the Sharia, that the WHO dude are avoided at
all costs. They are there mainly to be a psychological scare tactic
to make people realize how evil these crimes are, how evil this
ends up. You don't want to go that you don't want to do these things.
You don't want to touch the sense, but the conditions set for these
punishments to be carried out specifically for the stoning to
death and, and and the cutting of the hands of the thief the
condition set for these are so high that I read earlier today
that in the entire 500 year history of Istanbul, only one
person was stoned to death in 500 years one.
I can imagine how strict the conditions must be that it takes
once in 500 years for this to be applied. For the bulk of history.
It's like this law is non existent. It's it takes on a
symbolic role in the philosophy
that
if you're a Muslim living under Islamic law, you think twice about
stealing because you could lose your hand. You think twice about
cheating on your spouse because you could be stoned to death.
Even though the reality is if you steal you're more likely to go to
jail
or get detained. And if you commit Zina, you're more likely no one's
ever gonna find out and even if they do, they might just, you
know, give you some kind of a light punishment because there's
no way to prove it to the level where you get stoned.
Right. And so
ensuring that the WHO dude are there to be implemented in such
situations I call them worst case scenarios. So I say to the WHO
dude are only implemented in worst case scenarios. For example, if a
man and a woman committed Zina if a married man and woman committed
Zina in such a public way that for pious men witness his private
party entering her private pot, then they vote to be stoned to
death.
Realistically, when does this ever happen? Never happens. Never
happens, nobody does. This is a sin that is committed in secret of
secrets in a way that nobody will ever know when anyone nobody will
ever find out. Then it becomes a private sin between that person
and Allah that they need to make doba for.
And even if they had to confess to a move to the judge about what
they did, you would advise them keep it to yourself and make Toba
because the default ruling is to avoid the huddled at all costs. It
has to be the worst case scenario where like, Okay, you really,
really messed up here, there's like, there's no, there's no other
way to punish you, we have to give you the worst possible punishment.
And that rarely ever happens.
So in a few law, but the law of the land is the Sharia, and the
WHO dude are there to who dude a part of the Sharia.
But they make up less than 5% of the Sharia. And they are almost
never applied. And the body's job is to avoid the hood as much as
possible, and to try his best to never have to give a hard
punishment to anyone. So they exist more as a psychological
barrier between people. And so
that's really the primary purpose of the hoodoo to scare people away
from set. But in practice, we avoided at all costs. And again,
we will cover this in a separate video on the Hadoop where I will
give you actual quotations from the books of fic where the
scholars say this, right like if you open the Hanover bookstore,
Victor the chapter of stealing, the first thing it says is that
this punishment must be avoided at all costs. And only carried out
when is when there's no other way when like somebody has actually
reached a level where there is no other punishment that you can give
you have to give them towards possible punishment otherwise, the
government has and the judge had the right to set lesser
punishments for other types of stealing or public indecency.
Based on whatever they will write the we'll come to that inshallah
when we discuss the concept of the zeal, and or moon.
So understand the Khalifa his duties are jihad, justice, and
Sharia and I'm holding the hood. The Khalifa is also meant to unite
the Muslims behind a single leader. Historically, this is
something Muslims fail that after the first two generations, with
the bulk of our history, there are always two or three people
claiming to be the Khalifa at the same time. However, functionally,
it was still better than what we have today. Because functionally,
even if you look at the time where there was, for example, the
Ottomans and the mom, Luke's animals, or the existing at the
same time, or the fatty meats, in the Abbas's domain, yes, all
existing at the same time, for the average person, life in any of
these labs was the same. And there was no boundaries between these
lands, you know, borders between these lands, and you didn't need a
passport or a visa to move from one of these lands to the other.
And, and so whether you were living under omae, in Spain or
above siad Baghdad, the law that is being applied is the same. And
so the quality of life may differ based on economic factors. But
in terms of this having any practical negative impact on the
lives of people it didn't, it didn't really have a practical,
negative impact on the lives of the average person.
But nonetheless, this is a failure of the OMA right by the good sign
of the European of the human nature of our history, our history
is very human. So even though technically, as per the books of
fact, there should be only one Khalifa. This is an extent that
the Hadith states if two people claim to be the Khalifa, the
second one should be executed. But historically,
there's very few points in our history where this ideal was
achieved. And for the bulk of our history, there were multiple
people claiming to be the Khalifa at the same time, nonetheless, at
least all the other conditions were met the Sharia was the Lord
law of the land, and Jihad is being done on the borders. And
within the people within those borders, peace and justice was
established.
Another thing that the Khalifa does, and this isn't necessary,
this is secondary. And this is something that evolved over time
is administrative work required for the success of the Empire.
So obviously, as the Empire grows, and as the Muslim become more
powerful and the ruling, more lands and more issues are coming
up, government gets more and more complicated.
Is the honeypot job to ensure that everything is functional,
everything's working properly. So we find as the philosophy evolves
over time, they develop more and more administrative systems to
ensure it's functioning properly. So in the beginning, it's a very
simple system, right? In the beginning, entitled Abu Bakr, Radi
Allahu Anhu. There's not much administrative work involved with
the Philippines, because I mean, it's just Arabia, that's ruled by
the Muslims, which are mostly tribal societies. And
not much written work is needed to manage that just ensuring that the
GCR, and there's a God is collected. And that that is
documented as time grows, for example, wants to conquer Spain,
then we have, you know, administrative work being done to
ensure that they understand the newly conquered lands and the
needs of what's going on, then you need to have a registry of the
governors and their salaries, to be transparent about that, and the
registry of the Army, and it shows the soldiers, so we know who's
part of the Muslim army. And as time goes by the administrative
work gets more and more. So by the time of the Ottoman Empire, you
have things like land, ownership records, marriage certificates, it
gets more and more. And again, it's not done by one person, but
the Khalifa is at the top. And, you know, the system is developed
through him. And he's really the one handling things at the highest
level.
And over time, this became the bulk of the Khalifa work, because
if the borders are protected, and there's peace treaties with nearby
lands, and the Sharia the law of the land, and all these are
handling that and the fuqaha handling that what exactly is the
Khalifa doing on a day to day basis, he's handling
administrative work, he's checking the records, he's checking on the
governance, he's checking on the bodies, he's checking on the army,
he's ensuring that enough money coming in through the car and
Jizya and the other types of taxes. And he's basically, it gets
caught up in administrative work to ensure that the government and
the country is functioning properly. Linked to that is the
collection and distribution of taxes, including Sarkar, and
Jizya. So again, because we don't live in a Khilafah, many of us are
aware of this. But for the bulk of our history, SEPTA was something
done through the government, it is the government who would send out
the car collectors to collect this car from people and put it into
the bay tomorrow, we will be distributed accordingly. this will
this will go towards the salary level as a car collectors towards
the Muslim funding the Muslim army towards helping the poor to
setting up charitable projects, to a variety of different things.
Zakah was actually a state fund where the type of taxes state fund
that the poor has a right to the poor has a share in it, but others
did as well. Because we don't live in a law firm, we are tasked with
distributing our own Zakah. And because we don't have all these
different categories, today, we end up just giving it to the poor,
which is the primary category of the recipients.
The JCL was another tax that the D Khalifa would ensure is collected
and used as part of the beta Amal.
So the Muslims would pay Sokka and the non Muslim did pages. And JCL
there was no set amount for it. For the bulk of our history, it
actually was less than this. Many points in our history. Jizya was
actually lower than this. And so it's a very small percentage of
what's money compared to the taxes that people pay today I find is
really hilarious. Actually, the non Muslims today, the
Islamophobes when they want to attack Islam, they like Oh, Islam
is so evil, it makes non Muslims pay Jizya the pages Yeah, just to
follow another religion, hold on Jizya is actually much lower than
the taxes you are playing paying today. Furthermore, you get full
freedom of religion, to GCR. To such an extent, you can have your
own village, with your own religion, with your own judges
from your own religion, where you can actually apply the criminal
law of your religion like, let's say a level of freedom of religion
that's not found anywhere in the West. Furthermore, you don't have
any military duties, right? non Muslims who pages here are
protected by the state. It is the duty of the Mujahideen to protect
them. So you so the taxes are less than what you'd pay in the West.
The freedom of religion is more than what exists today. And
and on top of that, you have no military duties. Why are you
making this a scare tactic? Why are you making the sound like
something negative? Historically, many non Muslims prefer to live
under Sharia and pay the Jizya compared to living under other
systems. Right? So we find that the Jews, for example, for the
bulk of the history, they lived in Muslim lands, they pay the Jizya
because that was really the only way for them to survive, and to be
able to get the rights to try living anywhere else the
Christians would massacre them. It was only Muslims who gave them
therefore rights. And we see two other Christian denominations as
well. So these were the two
access rights aka Jizya farm taxes were booty. And you may be at
times that the government may have administered other taxes for
whatever reasons, there is a legal dispute or whether that is halal
or haram. But some Western governments didn't do it anyway,
regardless of what the dispute says. But again, it was the
government's job to collect the taxes and make sure that they are
distributed properly, and that they go to the correct categories.
And finally, again, this may sound weird to some of you. It was the
duty of the Khalifa, to be the Imam of Juma in his town and to
appoint the Imams of Juma for all the other towns where they would
praise the Khalifa in the code by the way of showing legitimacy to
that Khalifa. Right. So historically, Juma and Eid were
very political. Today, those of us that live in the West as
minorities, we don't really think of Joomla either anything
political, like we have, like in my neighborhood alone, they're
like 20 jamas white
Islamically you're not supposed to do that, but you don't really have
a choice as a minority Islamically every town should have a Juma
masjid. And on the day of Friday, all the other mustards are closed,
and everybody gathers at the Juma masjid and prays behind one email,
that Imam is the most important person in that community. It could
be the Khalifa, the governor, the chief Adi, the Shefali, Islam, the
Khalifa chooses who's the imam for each area. And that Imam would
give a good part to the people, including in it a reminder of who
the Khalifa is and praising him for doing a good job, and ensuring
that people understand and accept the legitimacy of the Khalifa of
their time. And so it's actually the duty of the Khalifa, to lead
the Juma to lead the eighth Salah in the town where he lives and in
other towns to appoint people to do so.
When I say leading their name, I don't mean you know, like in any
shulkie we I mean, like as your representative of them. I don't
miss understand that I could have worded that better. So that's it.
Yeah, that's what the philosophy is which it's very radically
different. From any system of law that exists today, even in the
Muslim world.
The Khalifa doesn't make the law except in secondary issues,
which which the Sharia is silent about.
Even though he consults the scholars, the Khalifa
is not police policing people's lives because Islam you have to
value the privacy of people's private lives you not allowed to
look for people's private sins or what they do in behind closed
doors. So for the most part, people self governed. The Khalifa
is not an absolute ruler. If he dismantled tries to dismantle the
Sharia, he can be overthrown and replaced to another Khalifa as it
happened in many times, you know, history. His job is to fight the
enemies of Islam, to ensure the Sharia is the law of the land, and
to handle the state functions of the Sharia, which includes
collecting and distributing the zakah and the jizya. Ensuring
justice, implementing the WHO dude when necessary, and leading the
drama.
That's the role of the Khalifa. I added administrative work there
because you may be wondering, what do they do when you don't have any
of this to do administrators work? It's not necessarily it's not
mentioned specifically in the books of fic. But historically,
that becomes what the Halifa does, when he's not doing any of these
other things, or at least what he does to manage all these other
things. So
this is the final output. And what we're going to do for the rest
rest of today's lesson, I will go very briefly to the history of the
Beloved. But
depending on time, I may have to break during this. Can we talking
about summarizing 1400 years of history into like 15 minutes, I'm
not going to do the history of
every single Halifa that love but just the systems that developed
and again, go back to the paper by Dr. Lamia on Joe who wants a rapid
he discusses this in a lot of detail. So a large portion of that
paper is a brief history of the philosophy and the different types
of philosophy that existed at each point in our history. So the
falafel begins with the debt of Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi
wasallam.
Rasulullah sallallahu Lisa passes away.
And Abu Bakr
is appointed as his Khalifa for two and a half years, followed by
omitted no hot tub for 10 years, followed by smartly with our funds
for 12 years, followed by Ali Raja and
For six years and then Hassan regarding for six months, I'm not
gonna go into details of everything that happened during
that time I covered all of this in our history of Islam course. This
period is the Golden Age, spiritually. It's called the
Calabar Rashid in the rightly guided, beloved, based on the
hadith of Rasulullah sallallahu Sallam that after he passes away
there will be 30 years of likely guided Khalifa and after that
there will be a kingship there will be a monarchy.
And so from that Hadees scholars have said that this is the whole
of our Rashidun period. This is the rightly guided period. What
stands out in this period is that the Khalifa is a man of the
people. simple, humble man who lives in a place where he's easily
accessible to the public. He is both ruler and scholar.
He is a pious man. He is a scholar who understands the Sharia and fic
and who is qualified to be a body.
He is the ruler of the Muslim world. At this point in time, the
Khalifa is both
so in the time of Omar Raja Nova example,
he is leading the armies. He's telling them where to go, which
lands to conquer which armies to fight. He's handling the
administrative work. He's collecting the jizya and there's a
QA but he also is sitting with the people uring the problems judging
between them, solving the disputes visiting people's homes. It's a
very down to earth type of leadership.
This is this is the ideal, an ideal that would never be reached
again in our history. The OMA grew too big and too powerful and too
wealthy and too diverse. To have this kind of leadership working.
In the long run.
The philosophy it was possible to in this beautiful way when the OMA
was small.
And when the majority of the people who they were leading were
the Sahaba and the tabby.
But even this period is not perfect. There is no period in
history that is perfect because we are humans, our history is human.
Abubakar had to deal with an apostasy crisis literally had to
wage war against apostates, Omar Abdullah, who was murdered in
Medina, while he's the imam for Voyager, or smiley, faces, months
of rebellion leading up to his murder in Medina in Asia. Ali Raja
has to deal with a civil war between the sahaba. So even the
spiritual Golden Age, when we had the absolute best form of law
forever, they are still trials, they are still fitness, there are
still things that go wrong, because this is the human
experience. Life is a test. Everybody is tested, even the best
of generations are tested, no matter how perfect a political
system is, there will still be tests. And I have to mention this
because too many people today have this fantasy that if we have a
laugh with all of our problems will be solved. Now, if you have a
philosophy that certain problems will be solved, specific problems
will be solved. But there will always be problems because life is
a test. Life is a test there will always be problems. So don't be
naive and think that this is a magic solution for solving all our
problems. Now, the beloved is necessary for solving a specific
set of problems. But even under the best of believers, there will
always be problems because we are human and this world is a test.
And humans in a world that is a test there's always going to be
something going on. So this is the Golden Age, spiritually, we have
the most righteous leaders the Ummah has ever seen. Really, this
is the time period that we studied the most after the death of
Rasulullah sallallahu wasallam. And specifically, the reign of
Oman, Qatar is studied in a lot of details for understanding how
should we or works
as he ruled, he had the longest peaceful rule from all of them.
Right? So smart technically ruled longer, but a large portion of
that was dealing with civil unrest. In terms of a rule that
was stable, O'Meara general had the longest stable rule and you
have a lot of lessons and gems that we can take from it.
So we'll actually look at the reign of Omar Abdullah hotdog as
one of our case studies on what a kill off it looks like.
So
Omar Raja, who's period right up to that of Hassan Raja know is
called the sorry for our battle to Hudson, the this study appeared is
called the right leg Hill effort. We said after that there will be a
monarchy as Rasulullah saw some predicted, and a monarchy is not
necessarily a bad thing. I know a lot of us do. They think it's a
bad thing. I don't think it's a bad thing. I think, historically,
it was a necessity. Historically, it was a necessary evolution of
the beloved, to preserve it to be functional as an empire.
Because at this point, you
Time now the Muslims are ruling an empire.
Very soon they after
Muslims ruled all the way from Spain to India
to rule such a large portion of land, while avoiding civil unrest,
and people fighting over the Philippines, but they needed to be
some stability. There needs to be some system in place where the
average person would forget about politics and focus on their
business and worshipping Allah and their families instead. And the
monarchy fixed all of this really having a monarchy system just made
things so much easier. For the average person, the average person
to have to think about politics is one family handling all of that
the average person could focus on living a Sharia compliant
lifestyle, earning Halal income, raising their family worshiping
Allah. And they could just put this aside. So what happens is
Moussa Rajon who becomes the Khalifa
worried that upon his death, they will be civil war over the
Beloved, He appoints his son Yazeed, as an ex Khalifa. And this
sets a precedent of appointing your son as an ex Califa, which
turns the old mind is a political system into a monarchy, as it will
remain for the rest of our history rarely for the rest of all
history. They'll fill out for these now in one afternoon, and I
don't necessarily think this is a bad thing. You have to fill out
for those of us it was a disaster. But the system of a monarchy was
an idea that will all we ever had was not necessarily a bad thing.
Because it created a sense of stability and power in the OMA,
that may not have been possible. If there was a election of a
Khalifa every time the Khalifa passed away. So what happens now
is
in the monarchy system, there is now a split. You have the royal
family that has the feel of it. And it's passed down from father
to son, Brother to Brother brother to cousin wherever it is, it's it
stays within a family royal family. They handle jihad, they
help other administration there and Melinda collecting and
distribution of Zika.
There's now a separate power structure that rises. Right at
this point in time, the Obama split away from the qualifier and
the kind of becomes almost like an animosity between the like, or the
man stop trusting the believers. And the believers have to
constantly prove themselves to be illegitimate, by not harming the
Obama and letting them do their work. And so now we have a split
power structure. You have the Khalifa, the royal family, who are
handling jihad, the administration and collection of taxes. And you
have the Allama who are interpreting the Sharia writing
the books of fake,
making fatawa, doing the world of judging between the people, and
ensuring that Sharia is implemented. And both systems seem
to work well side by side. Yes, it's few clashes here and there,
we do know most of the famous folk AHA at different points in their
life clash with the Khalifa is over specific issues, and
sometimes went to jail and other things that happen. But those are
the exceptions, not the norm. The norm was that these two structures
happen to coexist.
And so for the bulk of our history, the beloved is a
monarchy, and is a royal family that's taking care of all of these
things. And the law of the land is interpreted and applied by the
scholars. And these two structures coexist with each other. The
Romanian monarchy doesn't last very long.
These people grow tired of their luxurious lifestyle and the lavish
parties and their usurping of wealth of people, and they do a
lot of things wrong, they cause people to turn against them. And
instead, people start to support the Abbas. It's the descendants of
Abbas, who are another political party that rises up at this time,
and see that we're going to do things differently. We're going to
do things more like the Sahaba did. So there is a coup. And the
Abbas each take over, and nothing changes.
This is the irony of it. Right? So bassins had promised that they're
going to bring things back to the way it was in the time the falafel
rajadamnern. And they're going to bring the Khilafah back to the
prophets family and they make all of these false promises. They come
into power, they rule for 250 years, and the system is exactly
the same. The system under the homage of the apostles is exactly
the same. It just a different Qureshi tribe. To me it's about
Romania is one branch of the college and the above seats are
the front branch of the college. Actually what happens here is, at
this point, the split and is no longer.
There is no longer one Khalifa because the Abbas is trying to get
rid of all of the opiates. But they failed to do so and one young
Mayor Prince escapes to Spain and establishes a separate omit state
in Spain. So now you have
omit Spain and Abasi Empire coexisting with each other, you
now have to kill average coexisting. Again, the system of
leadership is exactly the same. Life in both empires is the same
for the most part, except for economics and culture and things
like that.
Both are monarchies. Both the rule is focused on the jihad and
administration and collecting a distribution of taxes. And the
Obama are the ones who are interpreting the law and who are
serving as bodies and who are applying the law. So the system
remains the same.
Things start to fall apart after this, the above seeds very quickly
lose control over their lands.
My personal theory is that the OMA grew too big for one person to
manage.
And crack start to form. And different people start to
independently run the lens how they want to run it. And so we now
have multiple philosophers. And we have local leaders who claim to
follow the Abbas's, but they're doing their own things.
But functionally, again, for the average Muslim on the ground, life
remains the same.
Surely as the law of the land, the or the mind of God, these are the
ones who are interpreting and applying the law. And it doesn't
really matter who the who the ruler is, right. But something
negative happens at this point to the to the Abbas is actually were
in power for 600 years, but only the first 220 50 years there's
like real power. What happens after this is
the acid Khalifa becomes basically a figurehead. It becomes nearly a
joke, that everyone says that oh, the Abbas is the Khalifa has and
it will be we are going to the ambassador Khalifa. By this point
in time, the Khalifa has absolutely no power. Power has
been usurped by the military generals, by the governors, by his
advisors, and Ambassade. Khalifa just does whatever they say.
This is one of the darkest periods in our history.
Like, compared to the period we're in now this is the other period of
siddhappa has been our history.
The Ambassade Empire is severely weakened, the cleaver has like no
real power at all. There's a lot of infighting in the OMA people
fighting over political power and claiming to be Khalifa and
claiming to be regional leaders and tribal leaders. And during
this time the Crusaders invade and take over Jerusalem they massacre
the Muslims that genocide takes place. And then soon as that is
resolved, the Mongols invade. They dismantled abbassi, the
Philippines, and they
massacre the Muslims of Baghdad, and that's it. The Arab readership
of the Muslims is over and for those who believe that the Khalifa
has to be home to Kurdish, you can see the philosopher de Lobo. What
happens after this, the OMA reaches one of its darkest points
when the Mongols invade and dismantle the Halacha of the
Abbasids. And the Abbas at that time are so weak and so useless,
that there's nothing they can do about it. And they are defeated.
In the rubble of the fall of the Abbasids. Multiple empires arise.
Some claim to be Khalifa some claim to be Sudan's, some claim to
giving allegiance to a Khalifa that doesn't, in my view doesn't
really exist. So basically, at this point in time, you have the
Mamluks who are a group of freed slaves, or a group of slaves
actually, who are ruling over Egypt they managed to fight off
the Mongols, they claim they claim to be empowered through the
passage so they had a very technical way of claiming power.
They were slaves and technically the slave can't be the Khalifa so
they had a puppet a boss it with them and they will say Oh, this
guy's the Khalifa and we just ruling on his behalf. But really,
the mom Luke's role and a basket with them was completely useless
individual who had no real power.
And same time you have the Mughals, right? So the the Mongols
end up converting to Islam and multiple Muslim empires coming
from them, including the Mughals of India, same time, we have the
Safar which the Shia leaders in Persia, and you have the Ottomans.
Right, the Ottoman Saltanat arising in Turkey, as a response
to the Mongol and the Crusader invasions. So now the OMA is split
into all these different
kingdoms. But again, the law of the land is called the Sharia.
It's still the old Lama who are interpreting the Sharia the bodies
who are applying the Sharia.
And these different leaders, they are really competing with each
other for legitimacy. Who is the real Khalifa it's it's very
unclear at this point in our history, if there is of an ephah
and if there is one who
It is of about 200 or 300 years. It's very, very murky as to
whether they actually is a Khalifa in the OMA. Some would say that
this is an apartheid era and they said about the Empire goes on for
another 200 years. But really, if you read the history books, boxes
are completely absent from this point in history. If they do
exist, they are just complete figureheads with no power at all.
Very interestingly, the the Ottomans rise to power slowly
and within about 200 years, the Ottomans grow so powerful that
they conquer Constantinople turning into Istanbul make it
their capital. Then they conquer Jerusalem and Makkah and Medina
from the Mamelukes dismantling the bomb Luke Empire, and then they
claim to be Aquila foot, then they claim to be the killer foot. And
this is where again, things get murky. Ever since the downfall of
the Abbas Empire is very murky and unclear if there is a Khalifa and
if there is one who is the Khalifa. At this point, it gets
more murky because from this point onwards until 1924, the Ottomans
have the strongest claim to the Philippines because they are this
mighty Muslim empire. Just as powerful as early Umayyad and
Abbasid empires. They rule over 25 million people across three
continents. They meet wage jihad against the enemies of Islam, they
apply the Sharia, they uphold the hood. They doing everything that
you expect from the Khalifa. They control the Holy Land and ensure
that all Muslims have access to the holy lands.
But they're not Qureshi,
the Turks.
And so there is this tension in this point of history. Do we
consider the Ottomans to be believers, or sometimes I consider
them to be Khalifa is based on what I mentioned earlier.
What's interesting with the Ottomans is
there seems to be less tension between the Alama and the Khalifa
in the Ottoman Empire. Compared to the umaid or the ambassador
empire.
We send in your mail in a basket Empire Hola, Ma, we're very weary
of the Khalifa. And they would operate as a separate power
structure from the Khalifa during the Olympics, right, they would
fight to maintain the independence they do not want to be dependent
on the Khalifa for anything
with the Ottomans, the Khalifa. And the Obama worked very closely
together
to such an extent that they end up working together to codify the law
and to modernize the field effort. So very interesting thing that
takes place, over 300 year period that the Ottomans working together
with Obama
tried to figure out how can we modernize the Philippines in a way
where the Sharia is still the main law, the hoodoo, they're still
upheld. But the way things function on a day to day basis is
more modern, it's more in keeping with the times. And especially in
the 1800s a lot of reforms took place in the Ottoman Empire to try
and modernize the Empire.
And so this is the closest we have to a modern philosophy and what
the philosophy would look like today. Sadly, World War One takes
place. The Ottomans lose the British and the French take over
the Muslim world. They fill out for these abolish the nation state
model is introduced. And we end up in the mess we are in today of
political weakness, sectarianism, secularism, tribalism,
nationalism, Israel, all of this
that we introduced happens, and for 100 years, there has been no
Khalifa.
So you can see that our history is it's very human.
Right, specifically, only the first
400 500 years is, is really stable and good. Have that things
unraveled very quickly. And then we do have a second period of
greatness with the Ottomans, but even then to in terms of
legitimacy. And in terms of meeting all the conditions there
is questions around whether they could legitimately call themselves
a philosopher or not. Nonetheless, what we can say for sure,
is that the Ottoman Empire was way better than what the Muslim world
has today.
That if it did the, it did cover all of those functions that we
mentioned. Jihad, Sharia hoodoo peace, justice administration,
collection of the zakah leading the Salah, he did all of that. So
when he Floyd's when he was he wasn't Arab. And the British use
this against it by bribing some of the Arabs to turn against the
Ottomans and fight them inside of the British causing the collapse
of the empire.
And we ended up in the mess we are in today. So we'll stop here. We
went a bit over time today. And tomorrow we will look at the types
of kilohertz based on what we just said.
We'll analyze each of these periods what? What was unique and
different about the philosophers in each period in time? How are
they functionally different from the philosophy existed before and
what lessons can we take from that? About how Sharia law
functions, what is fixed and what is flexible? We'll go into that in
the next video. Sokoloff. Aidan will offer the one on Hamdulillah
robola.